The Solid state, however, kept its grains
Of Microstructure closely veiled until
X-ray diffraction pierced the Crystal Planes
That roofed the giddy Dance, the taut Quadrille
Where Silicon and Carbon atoms will
Link Valencies, four-fingered, hand in hand
With Common Ions and Rare Earths to fill
The lattices of Matter, Glass, or Sand
With tiny exitations, quantitatively grand.
The Metals, lustruous Monarchs of the Cave
are ductile and conductive and opaque
Because each Atom generously gave
Its own Electrons to a mutual Stake
A Pool that acts as Bond. The Ions take
The stacking shape of Spheres, and slip and flow
When pressed or dented; thusly Metals make
A better Paper Clip than a Window
Are vulnerable to Sheer, and heated, brightly glow.
Ceramic, mighty Queen of human Arts
First served as simple Stone. Feldspar supplied
Crude Clay; and Rubies, Porcelain, and Quartz
Came each to light. Aluminum Oxide
Is typical--- a Metal is allied
With Oxygen ionically; no free
Electrons form a lubricating tide
Hence, Empresslike, Ceramics tend to be
Resistant, pourous, brittle, and refractory.
Prince Glass, Ceramic's son, though crystal-clear
Is no wise crystalline. The fond Voyeur
And Narcissist alike devoutly peer
Into Disorder, the Disorderer
Being Covalent Bondings that prefer
Prolonged Viscosity and spread loose nets
Photons slip through. The average Polymer
Enjoys a glassy state, but cools, forgets
To slump, and clouds in closely patterned Minuets.
The Plymers, those giant Molecules
Like Starch and Polyoxymethylene,
Flesh out, as protien serfs and plastic fools,
The Kingdom with Life's Stuff. Our time has seen
The synthesis of Polyisoprene
And many cross-linked Helixes unknown
To Robert Hooke; but each primordial Bean
Knew Cellulose by heart; Nature alone
Of Collagen and Apatite compounded Bone.
What happens in these Lattices when Heat
Transports Vibrations through a solid mass?
T= 3Nk us much too neat;
A rigid crystal's not a fluid Gas.
Debye in 1912 proposed Elas-
Tic Wabes called phomons which obey Max Plank's
Great Quantum Law. Although amorphous Glass,
Umklapp Switchbacks, and Isotopes play pranks
Upon his Formulae, Debye deserves warm thanks.
Electroconductivity depends
On Free Electrons: in Germanium
A touch of Arsenic liberates; in blends
Like Nickel Oxide, Ohms thwart Current. From
Pure Copper threads to wads of Chewing Gum
Resistance varies hugely. Cold and light
As well as "doping" modify the sum
Of Fermi levels, Ion scatter, site
Proximity, and other factors recondite.
Textbooks and Heaven only are Ideal;
Solidity is an imperfect state.
Within the cracked and dislocated Real
Nonstoichiometric crystals dominate.
Stray Atoms sully and precipitate;
Strange holes, exitons, wander loose; because
Of Dangling Bonds, a chemical Substrate
Corrodes and catlyizes--- surface Flaws
Help Epitaxal Growth to fix adsorptive claws.
White Sunlight, Newton saw, is not so pure
A Spectrum bared the Rainbow to his view.
Each Element absorbs its signature:
Go add a negative Electron to
Potassium Chloride; it turns deep blue,
as Chromium incarnadines Sapphire.
Wavelengths, absorbed, are reemitted through
Flouresence, Phosphorescence, and the higher
Intensities that deadly Laser Beams require.
Magnetic Atoms, such as Iron, keep
Unpaired Electrons in their middle shell,
Each one a spinning Magnet that would leap
The Bloch Walls whereat antiparallel
Domains converge. Diffuse Material
Becomes Magnetic when another Field
Aligns domains like Seaweed in a swell.
How nicely microscopic forces yield.
In Units growing Visible, the World we wield.
-John Updike
